A decade after Volkswagen’s emissions scandal, the fallout is reigniting across Europe. In London, major carmakers including Mercedes-Benz, Ford, and Renault are defending a mass diesel-emissions lawsuit brought by more than 1.6 million motorists. Meanwhile, in Germany, a court’s shock annulment of Volkswagen’s €270 million D&O insurance settlement has unsettled the liability market and reignited questions about disclosure, governance, and insurer exposure.